What is Research – Definition, Methods, Types & Examples

 

What is Research: Definition

A careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive methods.”

Inductive research methods are used to analyze an observed event. Deductive methods are used to verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative research.

Research is conducted with a purpose to understand:

• W
  
  
  hat do organizations or businesses really want to find out?
• What are the processes that need to be followed to chase the idea?
• What are the arguments that need to be built around a concept?
• What is the evidence that will be required for people to believe in the idea or concept?

Characteristics of research

1. A systematic approach must be followed for accurate data. Rules and procedures are an integral part of the process that set the objective. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
2. Research is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
3. The data or knowledge that is derived is in real time from actual observations in natural settings.
4. There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.
5. Research creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more opportunities for research.
6. Research is analytical in nature. It makes use of all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
7. Accuracy is one of the most important aspects of research. The information that is obtained should be accurate and true to its nature. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the final result of the experiment.

What are the types of research?

Following are the types of research methods:

Basic research: A basic research definition is data collected to enhance knowledge. The main motivation is knowledge expansion. It is a non-commercial research that doesn’t facilitate in creating or inventing anything. For example: an experiment to determine a simple fact.

Applied research: Applied research focuses on analyzing and solving real-life problems. This type refers to the study that helps solve practical problems using scientific methods. Studies play an important role in solving issues that impact the overall well-being of humans. For example: finding a specific cure for a disease.

Problem oriented research: As the name suggests, problem-oriented research is conducted to understand the exact nature of a problem to find out relevant solutions. The term “problem” refers to multiple choices or issues when analyzing a situation.

For example, revenue of a car company has decreased by 12% in the last year. The following could be the probable causes: there is no optimum production, poor quality of a product, no advertising, or economic conditions.

Problem solving research: This type of research is conducted by companies to understand and resolve their own problems. The problem-solving method uses applied research to find solutions to the existing problems.

Qualitative research: Qualitative research is a process that is about inquiry. It helps create in-depth understanding of problems or issues in their natural settings. This is a non-statistical method.

Qualitative research is heavily dependent on the experience of the researchers and the questions used to probe the sample. The sample size is usually restricted to 6-10 people. Open-ended questions are asked in a manner that encourages answers that lead to another question or group of questions. The purpose of asking open-ended questions is to gather as much information as possible from the sample.

The following are the methods used for qualitative research:

1. One-to-one interview
2. Focus groups
3. Ethnographic research
4. Content/Text Analysis
5. Case study research

Learn more: Qualitative Research Methods

Quantitative research: Qualitative research is a structured way of collecting data and analyzing it to draw conclusions. Unlike qualitative methods, this method uses a computational and statistical process to collect and analyze data. Quantitative data is all about numbers.

Quantitative research involves a larger population — more people means more data. With more data to analyze, you can obtain more accurate results. This method uses close-ended questions because the researchers are typically looking to gather statistical data.

Online surveys, questionnaires, and polls are preferable data collection tools used in quantitative research. There are various methods of deploying surveys or questionnaires.

Online surveys allow survey creators to reach large amounts of people or smaller focus groups for different types of research that meet different goals. Survey respondents can receive surveys on mobile phones, in emails, or can simply use the internet to access surveys.

Learn more: What is Quantitative Research?

What Is the Purpose of Research?

There are three purposes of research:

1. Exploratory: As the name suggests, exploratory research is conducted to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a final conclusion to the perceived problem. It is conducted to handle new problem areas which haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive research and data collection.
2. Descriptive: Descriptive research focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive studies are used to describe the behavior of a sample population. In a descriptive study, only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three main purposes of descriptive research are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a huge sum of money from the company profit.
3. Explanatory:Explanatory research or causal research is conducted to understand the impact of certain changes in existing standard procedures. Conducting experiments is the most popular form of casual research. For example, a study conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.

4. To understand the characteristic of research design using research purpose here is a comparative analysis:

   	Exploratory Research	Descriptive Research	Explanatory Research
   Research approach used	Unstructured	Structured	Highly structured
   Research conducted through	Asking research questions	Asking research questions	By using research hypotheses.
   When is it conducted?	Early stages of decision making	Later stages of decision making	Later stages of decision making

   Learn More: Primary Research – Examples, Methods and Purpose

   Research method is defined as the tools or instruments used to accomplish the goals and attributes of a study. Think of the methodology as a systematic process in which the tools or instruments will be employed. There is no use of a tool if it is not being used efficiently.

   Research begins by asking the right questions and choosing an appropriate method to investigate the problem. After collecting answers to your questions, you can analyze the findings or observations to draw appropriate conclusions.

   When it comes to customers and market studies, the more thorough your questions, the better. By thoroughly collecting data from customers through surveys and questionnaires, you get important insights into brand perception and product needs. You can use this data to make smart decisions about your marketing strategies to position your business effectively.

5. Types of research methods and research example

   

   Research methods are broadly classified as Qualitative and Quantitative.

   Both methods have distinctive properties and data collection methods.

   Qualitative Methods

   Qualitative research is a method that collects data using conversational methods. Participants are asked open-ended questions. The responses collected are essentially non-numerical. This method not only helps a researcher understand what participants think but also why they think in a particular way.

   Types of qualitative methods include:

   • One-to-one Interview: This interview is conducted with one participant at a given point in time. One-to-one interviews need a researcher to prepare questions in advance. The researcher asks only the most important questions to the participant. This type of interview lasts anywhere between 20 minutes to half an hour. During this time the researcher collects as many meaningful answers as possible from the participants to draw inferences.
   • Focus Groups: Focus groups are small groups comprising of around 6-10 participants who are usually experts in the subject matter. A moderator is assigned to a focus group who facilitates the discussion amongst the group members. A moderator’s experience in conducting the focus group plays an important role. An experienced moderator can probe the participants by asking the correct questions that will help them collect a sizable amount of information related to the research.
   • Ethnographic Research: Ethnographic research is an in-depth form of research where people are observed in their natural environment without This method is demanding due to the necessity of a researcher entering a natural environment of other people. Geographic locations can be a constraint as well. Instead of conducting interviews, a researcher experiences the normal setting and daily life of a group of people.
   • Text Analysis: Text analysis is a little different from other qualitative methods as it is used to analyze social constructs by decoding words through any available form of documentation. The researcher studies and understands the context in which the documents are written and then tries to draw meaningful inferences from it. Researchers today follow activities on a social media platform to try and understand patterns of thoughts.
   • Case Study: Case study research is used to study an organization or an entity. This method is one of the most valuable options for modern This type of research is used in fields like the education sector, philosophical studies, and psychological studies. This method involves a deep dive into ongoing research and collecting data.

   Quantitative Research Methods

   Quantitative methods deal with numbers and measurable forms. It uses a systematic way of investigating events or data. It is used to answer questions in terms of justifying relationships with measurable variables to either explain, predict, or control a phenomenon.

   There are three methods that are often used by researchers:

   • Survey Research — The ultimate goal of survey research is to learn about a large population by deploying a survey. Today, online surveys are popular as they are convenient and can be sent in an email or made available on the internet. In this method, a researcher designs a survey with the most relevant survey questions and distributes the survey. Once the researcher receives responses, they summarize them to tabulate meaningful findings and data.
   • Descriptive Research — Descriptive research is a method which identifies the characteristics of an observed phenomenon and collects more information. This method is designed to depict the participants in a very systematic and accurate manner. In simple words, descriptive research is all about describing the phenomenon, observing it, and drawing conclusions from it.
   • Correlational Research— Correlational research examines the relationship between two or more variables. Consider a researcher is studying a correlation between cancer and married Married women have a negative correlation with cancer. In this example, there are two variables: cancer and married women. When we say negative correlation, it means women who are married are less likely to develop cancer. However, it doesn’t mean that marriage directly avoids cancer.

   Identifying Research Methodology

   To choose the appropriate types of research, you need to clearly identify the objectives. Some objectives to take into consideration for your business include:

   • Find out the needs of your clients.
   • Know their preferences and understand what is important to them.
   • Find an appropriate way to make your customers aware of your products and services.
   • Find ways to improve your products or services to suit the needs of your customers.

   After identifying what you need to know, you should ask what research methods will offer you that information.

   Organize your questions within the framework of the 7 Ps of marketing that influence your company – product, price, promotion, place, people, processes, and physical tests.

   A well-organized customer research process produces valid, accurate, reliable, timely, and complete results. Results that rigorously reflect the opinions and needs of your clients will help you grow your sales and improve your operations. To obtain the results, you need to establish and follow the processes that you have detailed out for your organization:

   Set your goals

   Consider the client’s objectives and define those that identify with yours. Make sure that you set smart goals and objectives. Do not presume the results of your surveys.

   Plan your research

   Good planning allows the use of creative and logical approaches to select the methods that gather the most accurate information. Your plan will be influenced by the type and complexity of the information you need, the skills of your market research team, and how soon you need the information. Your budget also plays a large role in your ability to collect data.

   Collect and collate your results

   Make a list of how you are going to carry out the research process, the data you need to collect, and collection methods. This will help you keep track of your processes and make sense of your findings. It will also allow you to verify that your research accurately reflects the opinions of your clients and your market. Create a record table with:

   • The consumer research activity
   • The necessary data
   • The methods for data collection
   • The steps to follow for data analysis.

   Remember, research is only valuable and useful when it is valid, accurate, and reliable. Relying on imperfect research is dangerous. Incorrect results can lead to customer churn and a decrease in sales.

   It is important to obtain information about how the collection of customer information was carried out, and to ensure that your data is:

   • Valid – founded, logical, rigorous, and impartial.
   • Accurate – free of errors and including required details.
   • Reliable – that can be reproduced by other people who investigate in the same way.
   • Timely – current and collected within an appropriate time frame.
   • Complete – includes all the data you need to support your business decisions.

   Analyze and understand your research

   Analysis of the data can vary from simple and direct steps to technical and complex processes. Adopt an approach, and choose the method of data analysis based on the methods you have carried out.

   Keep the findings ready

   Choose a spreadsheet that allows you to easily enter your data. If you do not have a large amount of data, you should be able to manage them with the use of basic tools available in survey software. If you have collected more complete and complex data, you may have to consider using specific programs or tools that will help you manage your data.

   Review and interpret the information to draw conclusions

   Once you have gathered all the data, you can scan your information and interpret it to draw conclusions and make informed decisions. You should review the data and then:

   • Identify the main trends and issues, opportunities, and problems you observe. Write a sentence describing each one.
   • Keep track of the frequency with which each of the main findings appears.
   • Make a list of your findings from the most common to the least common.
   • Evaluate a list of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that have been identified in a SWOT analysis.
   • Prepare conclusions and recommendations about your research.

   Review your goals before making any conclusions about your research. Keep in mind how the process you have completed and the data you have gathered help answer your questions. Ask yourself if what your research revealed facilitates the identification of your conclusions and recommendations. Review your conclusions and, based on what you know now:

   Choose some strategies that will help you improve your business

• Act on your strategies
• Look for gaps in the information, and consider doing additional research if necessary
• Plan to review the results of the research, and consider efficient strategies to analyze and dissect results for interpretation.
• (Tahir Pashton)

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What Is Organization

 

Organization

Definition: Organization refers to a collection of people, who are involved in pursuing defined objectives. It can be understood as a social system which comprises all formal human relationships. The organization encompasses division of work among employees and alignment of tasks towards the ultimate goal of the company.

It can also be referred as the second most important managerial function, that coordinates the work of employees, procures resources and combines the two, in pursuance of company’s goals.

Process of Organization

• Step 1: Determination and classification of firm’s activities.
• Step 2: Grouping of the activities into workable departments.
• Step 3: Assignment of authority and responsibility on the departmental executives for undertaking the delegated tasks.
• Step 4: Developing relationship amidst superior and subordinate, within the unit or department.
• Step 5: Framing policies for proper coordination between the superior and subordnate and creating specific lines of supervision.

Organization is a goal oriented process, which aims at achieving them, through proper planning and coordination between activities. It relies on the principle of division of work and set up authority-responisbility relationship among the members of the organization.

Types of Organization Structure

1. Formal Organization Structure: The organization structure of jobs and positions, with specified activities and relationships, is known as formal organization structure. It is created by management, to attain the objectives of the company.
   • Line Organization: Line organization is the oldest and simplest pattern of orgnization, wherein the supervisor has outright supervision over the subordinate. The flow of authority is from the top level executive to the person at the lowest level of the organization’s echelon.

   

   • Functional Organization: As the name suggests, functional organization structure is one in which the thorough task of managing and directicting the employees, is grouped as per the functions or type of work involved.

   

   • Line and Staff Organization: This type of organization structure is an improvement over the traditional line organization. In line and staff organization primary and supportive activities are related to the line of supervision by appointing supervisor and specialist, who are linked to line authority.

   

   • Project Management Organization: Project Organization is not an independent organization, like the organization structure discussed above. Instead it is a set up within an organization, so as to accomplish a project or firm’s objectives. It is led by project manager, who is responsible for project objectives.
   • Matrix Organization: Matrix organization is the emerging structure of the organization, which is a combination of functional organization and project organization. In such an organization, the functional departments such as production, accounting, marketing, human resource, etc. constitute a vertical chain of command, while project division consitute horizontal line of authority.
2. Informal Organization Structure: The relationship between the employees, that relies on personal attitudes, prejudices and interests rather than procedures. It is system of personal and social connection, whose creation is not needed by formal organization.

The organization structure is a basic idea, which depends on the activity authority relationship in the company. It is designed in such a way to realise business objectives.

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Bloom Texonomy In Detail

 

Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning Domains

Bloom's Taxonomy was created in 1956 under the leadership of educational psychologist Dr Benjamin Bloom in order to promote higher forms of thinking in education, such as analyzing and evaluating concepts, processes, procedures, and principles, rather than just remembering facts (rote learning). It is most often used when designing educational, training, and learning processes.

The Three Domains of Learning

The committee identified three domains of educational activities or learning (Bloom, et al. 1956):

• Cognitive: mental skills (knowledge)

• Affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas (attitude or self)

• Psychomotor: manual or physical skills (skills)

Since the work was produced by higher education, the words tend to be a little bigger than we normally use. Domains may be thought of as categories. Instructional designers, trainers, and educators often refer to these three categories as KSA (Knowledge[cognitive], Skills[psychomotor], and Attitudes [affective]). This taxonomy of learning behaviors may be thought of as “the goals of the learning process.” That is, after a learning episode, the learner should have acquired a new skill, knowledge, and/or attitude.

While the committee produced an elaborate compilation for the cognitive and affective domains, they omitted the psychomotor domain. Their explanation for this oversight was that they have little experience in teaching manual skills within the college level. However, there have been at least three psychomotor modelscreated by other researchers.

Their compilation divides the three domains into subdivisions, starting from the simplest cognitive process or behavior to the most complex. The divisions outlined are not absolutes and there are other systems or hierarchies that have been devised, such as the Structure of Observed Learning Outcome (SOLO). However, Bloom's taxonomy is easily understood and is probably the most widely applied one in use today.

Cognitive Domain

The cognitive domain involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills (Bloom, 1956). This includes the recall or recognition of specific facts, procedural patterns, and concepts that serve in the development of intellectual abilities and skills. There are six major categories of cognitive an processes, starting from the simplest to the most complex (see the table below for an in-depth coverage of each category):

• Knowledge
• Comprehension
• Application
• Analysis
• Synthesis
• Evaluation

The categories can be thought of as degrees of difficulties. That is, the first ones must normally be mastered before the next one can take place.

Bloom's Revised Taxonomy

Lorin Anderson, a former student of Bloom, and David Krathwohl revisited the cognitive domain in the mid-nineties and made some changes, with perhaps the three most prominent ones being (Anderson, Krathwohl, Airasian, Cruikshank, Mayer, Pintrich, Raths, Wittrock, 2000):

• changing the names in the six categories from noun to verb forms
• rearranging them as shown in the chart below
• creating a processes and levels of knowledge matrix

The chart shown below compares the original taxonomy with the revised one:

 

This new taxonomy reflects a more active form of thinking and is perhaps more accurate. The new version of Bloom's Taxonomy, with examples and keywords is shown below, while the old version may be found here

Table of the Revised Cognitive Domain

Category	Examples, key words (verbs), and technologies for learning (activities)
Remembering: Recall or retrieve previous learned information.	Examples: Recite a policy. Quote prices from memory to a customer. Recite the safety rules. Key Words: defines, describes, identifies, knows, labels, lists, matches, names, outlines, recalls, recognizes, reproduces, selects, states Technologies: book marking, flash cards, rote learning based on repetition, reading
Understanding: Comprehending the meaning, translation, interpolation, and interpretation of instructions and problems. State a problem in one's own words.	Examples: Rewrite the principles of test writing. Explain in one's own words the steps for performing a complex task. Translate an equation into a computer spreadsheet. Key Words: comprehends, converts, defends, distinguishes, estimates, explains, extends, generalizes, gives an example, infers, interprets, paraphrases, predicts, rewrites, summarizes, translates Technologies: create an analogy, participating in cooperative learning, taking notes, storytelling, Internet search
Applying: Use a concept in a new situation or unprompted use of an abstraction. Applies what was learned in the classroom into novel situations in the work place.	Examples: Use a manual to calculate an employee's vacation time. Apply laws of statistics to evaluate the reliability of a written test. Key Words: applies, changes, computes, constructs, demonstrates, discovers, manipulates, modifies, operates, predicts, prepares, produces, relates, shows, solves, uses Technologies:collaborative learning, create a process, blog, practice
Analyzing: Separates material or concepts into component parts so that its organizational structure may be understood. Distinguishes between facts and inferences.	Examples: Troubleshoot a piece of equipment by using logical deduction. Recognize logical fallacies in reasoning. Gathers information from a department and selects the required tasks for training. Key Words: analyzes, breaks down, compares, contrasts, diagrams, deconstructs, differentiates, discriminates, distinguishes, identifies, illustrates, infers, outlines, relates, selects, separates Technologies: Fishbowls, debating, questioning what happened, run a test
Evaluating: Make judgments about the value of ideas or materials.	Examples: Select the most effective solution. Hire the most qualified candidate. Explain and justify a new budget. Key Words: appraises, compares, concludes, contrasts, criticizes, critiques, defends, describes, discriminates, evaluates, explains, interprets, justifies, relates, summarizes, supports Technologies: survey, blogging
Creating: Builds a structure or pattern from diverse elements. Put parts together to form a whole, with emphasis on creating a new meaning or structure.	Examples: Write a company operations or process manual. Design a machine to perform a specific task. Integrates training from several sources to solve a problem. Revises and process to improve the outcome. Key Words: categorizes, combines, compiles, composes, creates, devises, designs, explains, generates, modifies, organizes, plans, rearranges, reconstructs, relates, reorganizes, revises, rewrites, summarizes, tells, writes Technologies: Create a new model, write an essay, network with others

Cognitive Processes and Levels of Knowledge Matrix

Bloom's Revised Taxonomy not only improved the usability of it by using action words, but added a cognitive and knowledge matrix.

While Bloom's original cognitive taxonomy did mention three levels of knowledge or products that could be processed, they were not discussed very much and remained one-dimensional:

• Factual - The basic elements students must know to be acquainted with a discipline or solve problems.
• Conceptual – The interrelationships among the basic elements within a larger structure that enable them to function together.
• Procedural - How to do something, methods of inquiry, and criteria for using skills, algorithms, techniques, and methods.

In Krathwohl and Anderson's revised version, the authors combine the cognitive processes with the above three levels of knowledge to form a matrix. In addition, they added another level of knowledge - metacognition:

• Metacognitive – Knowledge of cognition in general, as well as awareness and knowledge of one’s own cognition. 

When the cognitive and knowledge dimensions are arranged in a matrix, as shown below, it makes a nice performance aid for creating performance objectives:

          The Cognitive Dimension

The Knowledge Dimension	Remember	Under-stand	Apply	Analyze	Evaluate	Create
Factual
Conceptual
Procedural
Metacognitive

However, others have identified five contents or artifacts (Clark, Chopeta, 2004; Clark, Mayer, 2007):

• Facts - Specific and unique data or instance.
• Concepts - A class of items, words, or ideas that are known by a common name, includes multiple specific examples, shares common features. There are two types of concepts: concrete and abstract.
• Processes - A flow of events or activities that describe how things work rather than how to do things. There are normally two types: business processes that describe work flows and technical processes that describe how things work in equipment or nature. They may be thought of as the big picture, of how something works.
• Procedures - A series of step-by-step actions and decisions that result in the achievement of a task. There are two types of actions: linear and branched.
• Principles - Guidelines, rules, and parameters that govern. It includes not only what should be done, but also what should not be done. Principles allow one to make predictions and draw implications. Given an effect, one can infer the cause of a phenomena. Principles are the basic building blocks of causal models or theoretical models (theories).

Thus, the new matrix would look similar to this:

The Cognitive Dimension

The Knowledge Dimension	Remember	Under-stand	Apply	Analyze	Evaluate	Create
Facts
Concepts
Processes
Procedures
Principles
Metacognitive

An example matrix that has been filled in might look something like this:

The Knowledge Dimension	Remember	Under-stand	Apply	Analyze	Evaluate	Create
Facts	list	para-phrase	classify	outline	rank	categorize
Concepts	recall	explains	show	contrast	criticize	modify
Processes	outline	estimate	produce	diagram	defend	design
Procedures	reproduce	give an example	relate	identify	critique	plan
Principles	state	converts	solve	different-iates	conclude	revise
Meta-cognitive	proper use	interpret	discover	infer	predict	actualize

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Multiple Intellegence Theory

 The 9 Intelligences of MI Theory

 

	Intelligence	Skills and Career Preferences
1.	Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence  Well-developed verbal skills and sensitivity to the sounds, meanings and rhythms of words	Skills - Listening, speaking, writing, teaching. Careers - Poet, journalist, writer, teacher, lawyer, politician, translator
2.	Mathematical-Logical Intelligence  Ability to think conceptually and abstractly, and capacity to discern logical or numerical patterns	Skills - Problem solving (logical & math), performing experiments Careers - Scientists, engineers, accountants, mathematicians
3.	Musical Intelligence Ability to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch and timber	Skills - Singing, playing instruments, composing music Careers - Musician, disc jockey, singer, composer
4.	Visual-Spatial Intelligence Capacity to think in images and pictures, to visualize accurately and abstractly	Skills - puzzle building, painting, constructing, fixing, designing objects Careers - Sculptor, artist, inventor, architect, mechanic, engineer
5.	Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence Ability to control one's body movements and to handle objects skillfully	Skills - Dancing, sports, hands on experiments, acting Careers - Athlete, PE teacher, dancer, actor, firefighter
6.	Interpersonal Intelligence Capacity to detect and respond appropriately to the moods, motivations and desires of others	Skills - Seeing from other perspectives, empathy, counseling, co-operating Careers - Counselor, salesperson, politician, business person, minister
7.	Intrapersonal Intelligence Capacity to be self-aware and in tune with inner feelings, values, beliefs and thinking processes	Skills - Recognize one’s S/W, reflective, aware of inner feelings Careers - Researchers, theorists, philosophers
8.	Naturalist Intelligence Ability to recognize and categorize plants, animals and other objects in nature	Skills - Recognize one’s connection to nature, apply science theory to life Careers – Scientist, naturalist, landscape architect
9.	Existential Intelligence Sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about human existence, such as the meaning of life, why do we die, and how did we get here	Skills – Reflective and deep thinking, design abstract theories Careers – Scientist, philosopher, theologian

 

 

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HEC Announces New Scholarship for Bachelor’s, Master’s, And PhD Degrees

 

The Higher Education Commission (HEC) has announced the Stipendium Hungaricum Scholarship Programme for Bachelor’s, Master’s, and Ph.D. degrees. The last date to apply for this new and updated scholarship program is 15 January 2021.

“The program managed by HEC Pakistan in collaboration with the Tempus Public Foundation, Hungary marks an era of new partnerships,” stated the HEC in a nationwide statement.

According to the HEC, the new scholarship program invites applications from Pakistanis, including students from Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The HEC advises all the applicants to read the instructions thoroughly before submitting their application forms.

It further stated that it is mandatory for applicants to submit their online application forms on both the HEC and Hungarian websites. Applicants must also fill separate forms to complete their registrations.

The HEC has provided its helpline numbers 051-111-119-432 and 0334-111-9432 for specific queries. Students are advised to visit the HEC’s official site for more information.

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