The James Webb telescope has been in space for about eleven days

 The James Webb telescope has been in space for about eleven days and is moving towards its final orbit. The last step left is to unfold the primary mirror - this step will probably be completed on January 6 or 7 - the rest of the steps have been completed in a cheerful manner.

In this graphic you can see the condition of the telescope in which all its parts were folded so that it could be mounted in the rocket. The various parts of it have been unfolded - today its secondary mirror has been locked in the correct position - if the last step is fixed without any difficulty then the James Webb telescope will reach its final configuration.

Folding such a complex and sensitive telescope in such a way as to unfold its parts one by one in space and in such a way that the sensitivity, accuracy, and precision of the telescope is maintained is a battle of engineering which many Will be remembered for decades - remember that all the tests to unfold this telescope were done on the ground where the response of materials due to gravity is different from that of space - therefore the members of this mission from the launch of this telescope. There was so much tension that although all its mechanisms were repeatedly tested on the ground, it was not possible to test these mechanisms in space before launch.

The perfect launch of this telescope is to be commended

Read More

When do the stars die?

 When do the stars die?

When do the stars die?

Inside the stars there is a lot of energy, this energy consists of Dostum's gases. One gas is called hydrogen while the other is called helium. When I run out of energy, the star begins to die. In the first stage, hydrogen gas begins to run out, followed by helium gas. After that the star starts to cool down, the cooling fan explodes. Larger stars usually die out quickly because the gaseous energy inside them is quickly depleted by explosions, whereas small stars have such nuclear explosions.

Read More

History of USA

 

United States, officially United States of America,

 abbreviated U.S. or U.S.A., byname America, country in North America, a federal republic of 50 states. Besides the 48 conterminous states that occupy the middle latitudes of the continent, the United States includes the state of Alaska, at the northwestern extreme of North America, and the island state of Hawaii, in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The conterminous states are bounded on the north by Canada, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. The United States is the fourth largest country in the world in area (after Russia, Canada, and China). The national capital is Washington, which is coextensive with the District of Columbia, the federal capital region created in 1790.

The major characteristic of the United States is probably its big variety. Its physical environment ranges from the Arctic to the subtropical, from the moist rain forest to the arid desert, from the rugged mountain peak to the flat prairie. Although the total population of the United States is large by world standards, its overall population density is relatively low. The country embraces some of the world’s largest urban concentrations as well as some of the most extensive areas that are almost devoid of habitation

The United States contains a highly diverse population. Unlike a country such as China that largely incorporated indigenous peoples, the United States has a diversity that to a great degree has come from an immense and sustained global immigration. Probably no other country has a wider range of racial, ethnic, and cultural types than does the United States. In addition to the presence of surviving Native Americans (including American Indians, Aleuts, and Eskimos) and the descendants of Africans taken as enslaved persons to the New World, the national character has been enriched, tested, and constantly redefined by the tens of millions of immigrants who by and large have come to America hoping for greater social, political, and economic opportunities than they had in the places they left. (It should be noted that although the terms “America” and “Americans” are often used as synonyms for the United States and its citizens, respectively, they are also used in a broader sense for North, South, and Central America collectively and their citizens.)

The United States is the world’s greatest economic power, measured in terms of gross domestic product (GDP). The nation’s wealth is partly a reflection of its rich natural resources and its enormous agricultural output, but it owes more to the country’s highly developed industry. Despite its relative economic self-sufficiency in many areas, the United States is the most important single factor in world trade by virtue of the sheer size of its economy. Its exports and imports represent major proportions of the world total. The United States also impinges on the global economy as a source of and as a destination for investment capital. The country continues to sustain an economic life that is more diversified than any other on Earth, providing the majority of its people with one of the world’s highest standards of living.

The United States is relatively young by world standards, being less than 250 years old; it achieved its current size only in the mid-20th century. America was the first of the European colonies to separate successfully from its motherland, and it was the first nation to be established on the premise that sovereignty rests with its citizens and not with the government. In its first century and a half, the country was mainly preoccupied with its own territorial expansion and economic growth and with social debates that ultimately led to civil war and a healing period that is still not complete. In the 20th century the United States emerged as a world power, and since World War II it has been one of the preeminent powers. It has not accepted this mantle easily nor always carried it willingly; the principles and ideals of its founders have been tested by the pressures and exigencies of its dominant status. The United States still offers its residents opportunities for unparalleled personal advancement and wealth. However, the depletion of its resources, the contamination of its environment, and the continuing social and economic inequality that perpetuates areas of poverty and blight all threaten the fabric of the country.

The District of Columbia is discussed in the article Washington. For discussion of other major U.S. cities, see the articles Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York City, Philadelphia, and San Francisco. Political units in association with the United States include Puerto Rico, discussed in the article Puerto Rico, and several Pacific islands, discussed in Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and American Samoa.

 

Read More

Coincidence is a blessing

 Coincidence is a blessing

If we compare the tiger and the lion, in many respects the tiger has the advantage over the lion, but still the lion is called the king of the jungle. He catches twice as much as a lion. In addition, the size of the tiger's wings and the jump is also ahead of the tiger. The tiger is a better swimmer than the lion and the tiger's teeth are also relatively large. Despite the fact that the lion is called the king of the jungle, the reason is that the lion always lives in the form of a herd and has leadership qualities while the tiger likes to hunt alone. Would be king

Read More

Why do mosquitoes not get malaria?

 

Why do mosquitoes not get malaria?

Shah Academy

the answer. Malaria is not caused by mosquitoes for two reasons.

1. Mosquitoes do not have red blood cells, and the malaria virus mainly attacks red blood cells.

2- The germs of malaria enter the mosquito in this condition, in which case it does not cause malaria, whereas from the mosquito, this germ enters the human being in the state of giving his disease.

The bacterium that causes malaria is "plasmodium", which is transmitted from mosquitoes to humans.

If we look at the life cycle of this germ, its life cycle is divided into two stages, one stage in which it performs sexual reproduction and the other stage in which it performs asexual reproduction, its first stage is in human. And in the second mosquito. The condition of the germs that cause malaria is "sporozoites". Which is born in a mosquito, but is transmitted to humans by the bite of a mosquito, and then these sporozoites enter the human liver, and from there they evolve into a new state, called merozoites. These merozoites then enter the human red blood cells, increase their numbers there and at the same time transform into another state, called gametocytes, and then when another mosquito sucks human blood, these gametocytes enter the mosquito. Are transferred, where these gametocytes turn into sporozoites again.

So the condition in which the malaria germ (plasmodium) is transmitted from human to mosquito is gametocytes, but these gametocytes do not spread the disease. Which causes malaria. But sporozoites mainly attack human red cells, break down red cells and the substances released from these broken cells do more damage to the body.

Mosquitoes do not have red blood cells, they do not have blood, they have hemolymph instead of blood. Therefore, sporozoites live in the salivary glands of mosquitoes, and when a mosquito bites a human, it adds its own saliva to its blood, which prevents blood from clotting and the mosquito drinks blood. Are also included in human blood ...

The female anopheles mosquito usually transmits the malaria virus.

3

Read More

ہیلیم کیا ہے

ہیلیم

تعارف#

ہیلیم کاٸنات میں سب سے زیادہ مقدار میں پایا

 جانے والا دوسرا سب سے بڑا ایلیمنٹ ہے جو کہ ہاٸیڈروجن کو چھوڑ کر باقی تمام ایلیمنٹس سے ہلکا ایلیمنٹ ہے۔اسکا اٹامک نمبر دو جبکہ اٹامک ماس چار ہے اور اسے He سے ظاہر کیا جاتا ہے۔اگرچہ یہ بہت زیادہ مقدار میں پایا جاتا ہے لیکن بہت کم ڈینسٹی کی وجہ سے یہ زمین کے ایٹموسفیر میں بہت ہی کم مقدار میں پایا جاتا ہے۔یہ کتنا کم پایا جاتا ہے اسکا اندازہ اس سے لگایا جاسکتا ہے کہ ہماری ہوا کا صرف %0.00054  ہیلیم پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے،یہی وجہ ہے کہ جب غبارے میں ہیلیم گیس بھری جاتی ہے تو غبارہ اوپر کی برف اڑان بھرتا ہے اور ایک مخصوص بلندی پر جاکر پھٹ جاتا ہے۔جب غبارہ  تقریبا دس کلومٹر کی بلندی پر پہنچتا ہے تو چونکہ زمین کا ایٹموسفیر پریشر کم ہوتا ہے اور اندر کا پریشر زیادہ ہوجاتا ہے جسکی وجہ سے غبارہ پھٹ جاتا ہے۔اگر اسکی خصوصیات کی بات کی جاۓ تو یہ ایک بے رنگ،بے بو اور بے ذاٸقہ اور غیر زیریلی گیس ہوتی ہے۔اسکا بواٸلنگ پواٸنٹ (268.9C-)باقی تمام ایلیمنٹس کی نسبت کم ہوتا ہے یہی وجہ ہے کہ اسکو کولنگ ایجنٹ کے طور پر استعمال کیا جاتا ہے یعنی یہ بہت کم ٹمریچر پر بھی گیس حالت میں رہ سکتی ہے.ہمارے سورج میں %25 ہیلیم گیس پاٸ جاتی ہے جو کہ ہاٸیڈروجن کے بعد سب سے زیادہ مقدار میں پاٸ جانے والی گیس ہے۔

دریافت#

ہیلیم کی دریافت کے متعلق جاننے سے پہلے تھوڑا بہت سپکیٹروسکوپ کے بارے میں جان لیتے ہیں۔سپکیٹروسکوپ دراصل ایک ایسا آلہ ہے جس کے اندر ایک پرزم لگا ہوتا ہے اور جب ایک گرم جسم جب گلو کرتا ہے یعنی چمکتا ہے تو اسکی روشنی کو اس آلہ کی مدد مطالعہ کیا جاتا ہے۔اس آلہ کو کیمسٹری میں بڑی اہمیت اہمیت حاصل ہے  کیونکہ جب ایلیمنٹ کی بظاہر شناخت کرنا مشکل ہوتی ہے تو اسکی مدد سے اسکی شناخت کی جاتی ہے۔مثال کے طور پر جب سوڈیم گلو کرتا ہے تو اس میں سے نکلنے والی روشنی پیلے رنگ کی ہوتی ہے۔لیکن اگر اس روشنی کو سپیکٹروسکوپ کی مدد سے دیکھا جاۓ تو یہ رنگ چھوٹی چھوٹی پیلے رنگ کی لاٸنز جسے ایلمنٹ کی سپیکٹرل لاٸنز کہتے ہیں،کی صورت میں نظر آتا ہے۔اسی آلہ کی مدد سے دو ایلیمنٹس کے درمیان فرق کی شناخت کی جاتی ہے کیونکہ ہر ایلیمنٹس کا اپنا مخصوص سپیکٹرم ہوتا ہے یعنی سپیٹروسکوپ پر ہر ایلیمنٹ کی اپنی مخصوص لاٸنز بنتی ہے اور اسی کو تو اس ایلیمنٹ کا سپیکٹرم کہتے ہیں۔

ہیلیم وہ واحد ایلیمنٹ ہے جسکی دریافت سورج پر ہوٸ۔ہوتا کچھ یوں ہے کہ 1868ءمیں ایک فرانسیسی ماہر فلکیات پیٸر جانسن(Pierre Janssen) نے انڈیا کا سفر کیا تاکہ سورج گرہن کا نظارہ کیا جاسکے کیونکہ ان دنوں انڈیا میں مکمل طور پر سورج گرہن تھا۔سورج گرہن ماہر فلکیات کے لیے سورج کے سرفیس کا مطالعہ کرنے کا سنہرا موقع فراہم کرتا ہے اور شاید یہی وجہ تھی کہ جانسن کو یہ چیز انڈیا لے آٸ۔اس نے جب سپکیٹروسکوپ کی مدد سے سورج کی روشنی کا مطالعہ کیا تو وہ یہ دیکھ کر بڑا حیران ہوا کہ سپکیٹروسکوپ میں بننے والی لاٸنز یعنی سپیکٹرل لاٸنز اس وقت کسی دوسرے معلوم شدہ ایلیمنٹ کی سپکیٹرل لاٸنز کے ساتھ مشابہت نہیں کررہی تھیں۔اس کے علاوہ ایک اور ساٸنسدان نارمن لوکیٸر نے بھی سورج گرہن کے وقت ان لاٸنز کو دیکھا۔ان تمام شواہد سے یہ واضع ہوگیا کہ سورج پر ایک ایسا ایلیمنٹ موجود ہے جو زمین پر موجود نہیں ہے۔اس ایلیمنٹ کو لوکیٸر نے ہیلیم کا نام دیا۔چونکہ اسکی دریافت سورج کے سرفیس میں ہوٸ اس لیے اس ایلیمنٹ کو ہیلیم کا نام دیا گیا جس کا مطلب ہے سورج کا دیوتا جو کہ یونانی لفظhelios سے لیا گیا ہے۔1895ء میں ایک فزسٹ سر ویلیم ریمزے نے یہ معلوم کیا کہ ہیلیم گیس یورینیم کے منرلز میں بھی پاٸ جاتی ہے اور یہ ہیلم کی زمین پر پاۓ جانے کی پہلی کھوج تھی کیونکہ اس سے پہلے پیٸر جانسن کا یہی خیال تھا کہ یہ گیس صرف سورج کے سرفس میں ہی پاٸ جاتی ہے لیکن جیسے جیسے اس پر تحقیق ہوتی گٸ زمین پر اسکے پاۓ جانے کے شواہد ملتے گۓ۔اس پر جب مزید تحقیق ہوٸ تو معلوم ہوا کہ یہ ریڈیوایکٹو ایلیمنٹس کے نہ صرف ٹوٹنے سے حاصل ہوتی ہے بلکہ یہ زیرزمین قدرتی گیسز کے اورز میں بھی پاٸ جاتی ہے جسے ڈسٹیلیشن کے ذریعے دوسری گیسز سے علیحد کیا جاتا ہے۔ڈسٹیلشن دراصل ایسا عمل ہے جس میں زیر زمین کنواں کھود کر قدرتی گیسز کو ٹھنڈا کر کے ماٸع حالت میں تبدیل کیا جاتا ہے اور اسکے بعد ان تمام گیسز کو ایواپوریٹ کیا جاتا ہے اور آخر پر جو گیس بچ جاتی ہے وہ ہیلم ہوتی ہے۔آج دنیا میں جتنی مقدار میں ہیلیم گیس حاصل کی جاچکی ہے اسکا زیادہ تر حصہ اسی طریقہ کے ذریعےحاصل کیا جاتا ہے۔امریکہ وہ واحد ریاست ہے جس کے پاس سب س زیادہ مقدار میں ہیلیم موجود ہے تقریبا دنیا کی%80 ہیلیم امریکہ کے پاس موجود ہے جبکہ دوسرے نمبر پر Qatar ہے جو دنیا کا ہیلیم کی مقدار رکھنے والا دوسرا بڑا ملک ہے۔لیکن دکھ کی بات یہ ہے کہ ہیلیم گیس کو مصنوعی طریقہ سے پیدا نہیں کیا جاسکتا،اسکی وجہ یہ ہے کہ یہ بہت زیادہ سٹیبل گیس ہے یعنی پیریاڈک ٹیبل کے دوسرے ایلیمنٹس کے ساتھ کیماٸ تعامل نہیں کرتی۔اس لیے آپ کو ایسے کمپاٶنڈز دیکھنے کو نہیں ملیں گے جو ہیلیم گیس پر مشتمل ہوں۔کیونکہ یہ ایک ڈاٸ اٹامک گیس ہے  یعنی یہ اپنے ویلنس شیل(S شیل) میں دو الیکٹرانز رکھنے کی وجہ سے اپنا ڈوپلیٹ رول مکمل کرلیتی ہے۔لیکن خوشی کی بات یہ ہے کہ اسکی نان ری ایکٹیویٹی کی وجہ سے  بہت سی جگہ پر اسکا استعمال  بہت مفید ہے۔

قدرت میں بہتات#

ہیلیم کائنات اور نظام شمسی میں ہائیڈروجن کے بعد دوسرا سب سے زیادہ وافر عنصر ہے۔  کائنات میں موجود تمام ایٹموں میں سے تقریباً 11.3 فیصد ہیلیم ایٹم ہیں۔  اس کے مقابلے میں، کائنات کے تمام ایٹموں میں سے تقریباً 88.6 فیصد ہائیڈروجن ہیں۔  اس طرح، تمام ایٹموں میں سے کم از کم 99.9 فیصد ہائیڈروجن یا ہیلیم ایٹم ہیں۔

 اس کے برعکس، ہیلیم زمین پر بہت کم مقدار میں پاٸ جاتی ہے۔  یہ نائٹروجن، آکسیجن، آرگن، کاربن ڈائی آکسائیڈ، اور نییون کے بعد فضا میں چھٹے سب سے زیادہ وافر گیس ہے۔  یہ ہوا کا تقریباً 0.000524 فیصد بناتا ہے۔

 زمین کی پرت میں ہیلیم کی مقدار کا اندازہ لگانا شاید ناممکن ہے۔  یورینیم اور دیگر تابکار عناصر کے ٹوٹنے سے یہ گیس پیدا ہوتی ہے۔ 

استعمالات#

اسکو ویلڈنگ سسٹم میں استعمال کیا جاتا ہے کیونکہ یہ نان ری ایکٹو ہوتی ہے یعنی یہ کسی بھی دوسرے ایلیمنٹ ساتھ کیمیاٸ تعامل نہیں کرسکتی۔ویلڈنگ ایک ایسا عمل ہوتا ہے جس میں دو میٹلز کو بہت زیادہ ٹمپریچر پر آپس میں جوڑا جاتا ہے۔اگر یہ عمل کھلی فضا یعنی آکسیجن کی موجودگی میں کیا جاۓ تو چونکہ آکسیجن ری ایکٹو گیس ہوتی ہے اور بہت زیادہ ٹمریچر پر میٹلز کے ساتھ کیماٸ تعامل کرکے میٹل آکساٸیڈ بنادیتی ہے جس کی وجہ یہ میٹلز کی آپس میں جڑنے کی مضبوطی میٹل آکساٸیڈ کی وجہ کم ہوجاتی ہے۔اگر یہ عمل ہیلیم کی موجودگی اور آکسیجن کی غیر موجودگی میں کیا جاۓ تو چونکہ ہیلیم نان ای ایکٹو گیس ہوتی ہے لہذا میٹلز آپس میں مضبوطی سے جڑیں گی۔اسکی نان ری ایکٹنس کا فاٸدہ اٹھاتے ہوۓ اسکو Leakage detection system میں استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔اگر پاٸپ کہیں سے لیک ہوجاۓ تو اسکی مدد سے لکیج کا پتا لگایا جاسکتا ہے۔کیونہ یہ کیس بھی دوسری گیس کےساتھ ری ایکٹ نہیں کرسکتی،سو جب اسے پاٸپ کے ایک سرے سے گزارا جاتا ہے اور اس پاٸپ کے باہر ایک آلہ ہوتا ہے جسکی مدد سے یہ معلوم کیا جاتا ہے کہ ہیلیم پاٸپ سے کس جگہ سے نکل رہی ہے،اگر ہیلم کہیں سے زیادہ مقدار میں نکل رہی ہوگی تو آلہ پر سکے مطابق ریڈنگ ہوگی۔اسکے علاوہ اس کو سپر کنڈکٹو میٹیریلز حاصل کرنے کے لیے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔عام طور پر کوٸ بھی ایسا کرنٹ کیرینگ میٹیریل نہیں ہے جس کی کا ٹمریچر وقت کے ساتھ نہ بڑھتا ہے اور جیسے ہی ٹمپریچر بڑھتا ہے تو ہیٹ کی شکل میں انرجی کا لاس ہوتا ہے۔لیکن اگر یہ کام بہت ہی کم ٹمپریچر پر سرانجام دیا جاۓ تو کنڈکٹرز میں سے گزرنے والا کرنٹ کے خلاف عمل کرنے والی مزاحمتی فورس(رزسٹنس) اس قدر کم ہوگی کہ اس کو نظر انداز کیا جاسکتا ہے۔ہیلیم گیس کو میڈیل کے شعبہ میںMRI اسکینرز میں کولنگ ایجنٹ کے طور پر استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔اسکے علاوہ ہیلیم کو غبارے بھرنے کے لیے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے،%80 ہیلیم اور %20 آکسیجن کا مرکب گہرے غوطہ خوروں کے لیے مصنوعی ماحول کے طور پر استعمال ہوتا۔جنگ عظیم دوم میں امریکہ نے اسکو دفاٸ مقاصد کے لیے استعمال کیا۔اس وقت امریکہ نے استعمال سے زیادہ مقدار میں ہیلیم گیس تیار کی۔ایک سوال یہ بھی ہے کہ غباروں میں ہاٸڈروجن گیس کی بجاۓ ہیلیم  گیس ہی کو کیوں ترجیح دی جاتی ہے حالانکہ ہاٸڈروجن گیس اس سے زیادہ ہلکی ہوتی ہے۔اس کی وجہ دراصل یہ ہے کہ ہیلیم گیس ہاٸیڈروجن کی طرح آتش گیر نہیں ہوتی یعنی اگر دو غبارے ہوں جن میں سے ایک میں ہاٸیڈروجن گیس بھری ہو اور دوسرے میں ہیلیم گیس بھری ہو اور اگر ان دونوں کوپھٹایا جاٸے تو ہاٸیڈروجن گیس پر مشتمل غبارہ آگ پکڑے گا جبکہ ہیلیم پر مشتمل غبارہ آگ نہیں پکڑے گا۔

اثرات#

مزے کی بات یہ ہے کہ اگر آپ ہیلیم گیس کو سانس کے ذریعے اندر لیجاٸیں تو آپ کی آواز تبدیل ہوجاۓ گی۔کیونکہ یہ انرٹ گیس ہوتی ہے اس لیے یہ ہمارے جسم کے لیے نقصان دہ نہیں ہے لیکن اگر بہت زیادہ مقدار میں ہیلیم سانس کے ذریعے اندر چلی جاۓ تو وہاں موجود آکسیجن کو ہٹاددیتی ہے اور چونکہ ہر ایک ٹشو کو آکسیجن کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے سو جس کی وجہ سے  آپ کے جسم پر  اس کے مضر اثرات ہوسکتے ہیں

تحریر: طاہرشاہ خلجی

Read More

Is there life beyond the earth

 Is there life beyond the earth?

It is very difficult to answer this question, even the great scientists cannot make any claim despite deep research. However, many scientists say that there may be such creatures on other planets. The reason they think so is that they say that the substance from which living things are made is present in many places in the universe. Scientists have discovered that a germ-like creature called a microbe

Tahir Shah Khilji

Survives in Inat. That is why life may exist in another place. But according to another group of scientists, two basic things are very important for life, one is water and the other is air. And since this or that thing has never been discovered anywhere other than on Earth, life on this Earth is important.

Read More

How big is the world?

 How big is the world?

The length of the world is different on two sides. If a straight ray is inserted from the center of the earth from the North Pole to the South Pole, its length will be 8400, but the circumference of the earth from one end to the other is about 25,000 miles.

Read More

How is the planet divided into working hours?

 How is the planet divided into working hours?

The international measure of time is seconds. All over the world, time is born from this unit. Time measurement

This is done by moving the earth around its own orbit. The earth completes its orbit around its orbit and in front of the sun in one day, so when the sun is rising on one part of the planet, the sunset is on the other side. That is why time varies in different parts of the world. To find out the difference in time, the planet was divided into different time zones. It was very difficult to find the exact time in a single region before dividing the time zones. An international conference was held in Washington, D.C., in 1884 to address this problem. In this conference, with the advice of experts, the planet was divided into 24 different regions. The time difference between one canal area and another was fixed at one hour. Thus 24 areas were divided for 24 hours. However, the center of standard time was located at Ger Munich in London, the capital of the United Kingdom. There are many countries whose geography falls in the same region at the same time, but there are also a few countries whose geography falls in several regions at the same time, such as Russia, China and the United States.

Read More

When did you find out that the world is round?

 When did you find out that the world is round?

For centuries man has believed that the world is flat. Man thought that if he walked in line with his nose, the end of the earth would come and he would fall. However, deep skepticism was expressed over the idea. In 1519, a Portuguese tourist and sailor, Ron Ferdinand Melanin, set sail on a voyage with five ships and 237 people on board. His destination was the African coast. During this voyage, one of his ships sank while the other broke down. Turning round from the African coast, he left for South America. He has had to make enormous sacrifices in this journey. Moving on from South America, he reached the Philippines, where his return journey began, and in 1522 he returned to Portugal. One of his companions, Aftolio, saw the story of this journey, which is called "The Story of the First Round the World". Thus, for the first time, this journey proved that the world is indeed round.

Read More

Why are there spots on the moon?

 Why are there spots on the moon?

If you look at the moon, you can see big spots in it. These spots can also be seen with the naked eye. Ancient experts believed that there were large oceans on the moon. And these stains belong to the same oceans, but later the development of science proved that these stains actually belong to large plains. These fields are hundreds of miles wide. Many fields are also small. Now the question arises that these plains have been formed. In fact, the atmosphere of the moon is not like the earth. Due to the lack of space, large meteorites easily collide with the lunar surface without any resistance. Because of them, Mir became a pit. However, we did not form a few large plains due to the collision of the meteor Saqib, but when the piece of the moon separated from our earth, the pits were formed at that time.

Read More

 What is a galaxy?

 If you look at the night sky, you can see clusters of stars fighting between countless stars. These are called galaxies. It could contain millions, even billions, of stars. Some galaxies are very large with more than billions of stars, while others are smaller with millions of stars. Even the smallest galaxy is so large that it takes millions of light years to get to any corner. These galaxies are, in fact, billions of years old There were clouds moving. During the process of rotation, their shape was formed and stars were formed. This process of rotation is still going on and new stars keep forming and old ones keep breaking all the time. It is so far away that its light reaches the earth 500,000 years later, that is, we can say that if we look at Andromeda, it is as if we are looking at Andromeda, which is 500,000 years old. The transmitting light went from there 500,000 years ago. Our galaxy is also part of a galaxy, and our galaxy is called the Milky Way. This galaxy is so large that it would take one million light-years to reach one end of it, meaning that a human being would travel in a spaceship that travels at the speed of light and at the speed of light exactly one million years. If he travels in alignment, then he will be able to reach the last part of the "national way" by going somewhere. Imagine if only our galaxy was so big then the rest of the galaxies and then the whole universe would be so big.

Read More

What is a star?

What is a star?

 

One night when the sky is clear, there are stars in the sky with innumerable lights. Stars are actually a collection of hot gases, with millions of atomic bombs exploding in them all the time. We see that the Mistars are always fragrant because the gases in them collide with each other, releasing fire all the time, which makes the B-stars shine. The stars also appear to be twinkling, because the stars are so far away and so far away from our eyes that the light does not reach our eyes completely due to the cosmic dust in that distance. That's why they keep doing methamphetamine. If the sky is clear at night, we can see about 6,000 stars with the naked eye, even though there are about two billion stars in the universe. Our sun is also a small star where there are constant explosions of hydrogen gas bricks that release energy and light that reach the earth in the form of the sun, which is beneficial to us humans. There are always countless stars in the universe. There are countless galaxies in the universe. Each galaxy contains numerous hot gas clouds, called nebulae. The nebula continues to expand as it heats up, then reaches a point where it explodes and splits into smaller pieces, then gravity is created inside each piece, thus creating a star. That's it. All these stages take place over thousands of years.

Read More

When was the universe created?

 When was the universe created?

Man of old believed that the universe has always been and always will be. Gradually, ideas about the universe changed. One idea is that the universe came into being fifteen billion years ago as a result of an explosion, while another idea is that the universe had no beginning and no end. According to one theory, the universe goes through two different states over and over again. That is, sometimes this sector does not start and then begins to spread, but it is completed in several billion years. According to this theory, we are living in an age of expansion of the universe. This period of expansion will continue for about three billion years. The most famous theory about the beginning of the universe is the "Big Bang". According to this theory, fifteen billion years ago today, an explosion occurred due to a very small amount of matter. The sudden eruption of this small amount created a rapidly expanding universe. Because of this explosion, the universe is still expanding. After this explosion, all the galaxies, stars, planets, system city, matter, energy, light and time were created in the universe. In the beginning the universe was very hot but gradually this heat decreased

Read More

History of Europe

 History of Europe

history of European peoples and cultures from prehistoric times to the present. Europe is a most ambiguous term than most geographic expressions.

 Its etymology is doubtfull, as is the physical extent of the area it designates. Its western frontiers seem clear defined by its coastline, yet the position of the British Isles remains equivocal. To outsiders, they seem clearly some part of Europe. To many British and few Irish people, however, “Europe” means essentially continental Europe. To the south, Europe ends on the northern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. Yet, to the Roman Empire, this was mare nostrum (“our sea”), an inland sea rather than a frontier. Even now, some question whether Malta or Cyprus, is a European island. The greatest uncertainty lies to the east, where natural frontiers are notoriously elusive. If the Ural Mountains mark the eastern boundary of Europe, where does it lie to the south of them? Can Astrakhan, for instance, be regarded as European? The questions have more than merely geographic significance.

These questions have acquired new importance as Europe has come to be more than a geographic expression. After World War II, much was heard of “the European idea.” Essentially, this meant the idea of European unity, at first confined to western Europe but by the beginning of the 1990s seeming able at length to embrace central and eastern Europe as well.

Unity in Europe is an ancient ideal. In a sense it was implicitly prefigured by the Roman Empire. In the Middle Ages, it was imperfectly embodied first by Charlemagne’s empire and then by the Holy Roman Empire and the Roman Catholic church. Later, a number of political theorists proposed plan for European union, and both Napoleon Bonaparte and Adolf Hitler tried to unite Europe by conquest.

It was not until after World War II, however, that European statesmen began to seek ways of uniting Europe peacefully on a basis of equality instead of domination by one or more great powers. Their motive was fourfold: to prevent further wars in Europe, in particular by reconciling France and Germany and helping to deter aggression by others; to eschew the protectionism and “beggar-my-neighbour” policies that had been practiced between the wars; to match the political and economic influence of the world’s new superpowers, but on a civilian basis; and to begin to civilize international relations by introducing common rules and institutions that would identify and promote the shared interests of Europe rather than the national interests of its constituent states.

Tahir Shah Khilji

 

 

Read More